The next example contains Dr Malcolm Jones’ (University of Sheffield) description of printed images from early modern England, in the context of the project
This prose description of an image is wrapped in a
‘A New yeares guift for shrews’
A New yeares guift for shrews is a diminutive sheet engraved c.1630 and signed by the relatively unknown Thomas Cecill, who seems to have been active between 1625 and 1640. It bears the imprint of the even less known Edward Lee, whose only other issue is a large equestrian portrait of Charles I.
In a series of unified scenes, it depicts the traditional nagging wife eventually beaten by her husband, and ultimately chased off by the devil. It is accompanied by the following rhyme of a traditional type, reminiscent of the ditty about Solomon Grundy, who was Born on Monday, and then on successive days christened, married, taken fatally ill and Buried on Sunday:
Who marieth a wife uppon a Moneday, If she will not be good uppon a Tewesday, Lett him go to the wood uppon a Wensday, And cutt him a cudgell uppon the Thursday, And pay her soundly uppon a Fryday; And she mend not, the Divil take her a Saterday And: ifThen may he eate his meate in peace on the Sonday.
In the final scene the husband is shown happily enjoying a jug of ale at an ale-bench outside ‘The Swan’ - to judge from the inn-sign. Another interesting detail of the contemporary street-scene is the latticed box attached to the tavern wall: at lattice, the Oxford English Dictionary explains: A window of lattice-work (usually painted red), or a pattern on the shutter or wall imitating this, formerly a common mark of an alehouse or inn. The Dictionary illustrates this usage with a quotation from Richard Harvey's Plaine Percevall (1590), and one not inappropriate to our print: As they which determine upon an Ale bench whether the passenger that passeth by the lettise be a Saint or a Divell.
It was clearly popular, for it appears in Peter Stent’s advertisements of 1654 and 1662, and is still listed in his successor John Overton’s catalogue of 1673,
David Kunzle was the first to point out the likely dependence of A New yeares guift on a contemporary German sheet, Ein köstlich gutes bewertes Recept vor die Männer so böse Weiber haben [A precious and valuable prescription for men who have such evil wives], though in the German sheet the process of correction takes nine days; he drives into the wood on Monday, cuts sticks on Tuesday, beats her on Wednesday, and so on.
British Museum 1850,1109.10. Dimensions of original: 189 mm x 206 mm.
In the technical documentation of the Yogācāra Bibliography, Charles Muller illustrates the encoding conventions used for the bibliographic encoding of different types of publications, using
As for any independently published work, the most common bibliographic facts of interest are the work’s author, title, place and date of publication, and publisher. These are encoded with their relevant TEI elements, and grouped in a
When a bibliographic item is part of a larger bibliographic item, both can be described in a single
The containing bibliographic item is described in the
The encoding of a journal article closely resembles that of an article in a volume: details of the article go in unit="page"), and the journal volume in which the article appears (unit="volume").
The encoding of an edited volume closely resembles that of any other independently published work, only here the
For the bibliographic description of an unpublished dissertation, as much information as possible can be given in the usual places, while its unpublished status can be indicated with the value
The following example is a fragment of Emily Bronte’s novel
"It was far in the night, and the bairnies grat, The mither beneath the mools heard that" —
The Endis transcribed as
For two months the fugitives remained absent; in those two months, Mrs. Linton encountered and conquered the worst shock of what was denominated a brain fever. No mother could have nursed an only child more devotedly than Edgar tended her. Day and night he was watching, and patiently enduring all the annoyances that irritable nerves and a shaken reason could inflict: and, though Kenneth remarked that what he saved from the grave would only recompense his care by forming the source of constant future anxiety — in fact, that his health and strength were being sacrificed to preserve a mere ruin of humanity — he knew no limits in gratitude and joy, when Catherine's life was declared out of danger; and hour after hour he would sit beside her, tracing the gradual return to bodily health, and flattering his too sanguine hopes with the illusion that her mind would settle back to its right balance also, and she would soon be entirely her former self.
The first time she left her chamber, was at the commencement of the following March. Mr. Linton had put on her pillow, in the morning, a handful of golden crocuses; her eye, long stranger to any gleam of pleasure, caught them in waking, and shone delighted as she gathered them eagerly together.
"These are the earliest flowers at the Heights!" she exclaimed. "They remind me of soft thaw winds, and warm sunshine, and nearly melted snow — Edgar, is there not a south wind, and is not the snow almost gone ?"
"The snow is quite gone down here, darling," replied her husband, "and I only see two white spots on the whole range of moors. The sky is blue, and the larks are singing, and the becks and brooks are all brim full. Catherine, last spring at this time I was longing to have you under this roof; now I wish you were a mile or two up those hills; the air blows so sweetly, I feel that it would cure you."
"I shall never be there but once more," said the invalid; "and then you'll leave me, and I shall remain for ever. Next spring you'll long again to have me under this roof, and you'll look back and think you were happy to-day."
Linton lavished on her the kindest caresses, and tried to cheer her by the fondest words; but, vaguely regarding the flowers, she let the tears collect on her lashes and stream down her cheeks unheeding. We knew she was really better, and therefore decided that long confinement to a single place produced much of this despondency, and it might be partially removed by a change of scene. The master told me to light a fire in the many-weeks-deserted parlour, and to set an easy-chair in the sunshine by the window; and then he brought her down, and she sat a long while enjoying the genial heat, and, as we expected, revived by the objects round her, which, though familiar, were free from the dreary associations investing her hated sick chamber. By evening she seemed greatly exhausted, yet no arguments could persuade her to return to that apartment; and I had to arrange the parlour sofa for her bed, till another room could be prepared. To obviate the fatigue of mounting and descending the stairs, we fitted up this, where you lie at present, on the same floor with the parlour; and she was soon strong enough to move from one to the other, leaning on Edgar's arm. Ah, I thought myself she might recover, so waited on as she was. And there was double cause to desire it, for on her existence depended that of another; we cherished the hope that in a little while Mr. Linton's heart would be gladdened, and his lands secured from a stranger's gripe, by the birth of an heir.
I should mention that Isabella sent to her brother, some six weeks from her
departure, a short note announcing her marriage with Heathcliff. It appeared
dry and cold, but at the bottom was dotted in with pencil an obscure
apology, and an entreaty for kind remembrance and reconciliation, if her
proceeding had offended him, asserting that she could not help it then, and,
being done, she had now no power to repeal it.
DEAR ELLEN, it begins, I came last night to Wuthering Heights, and heard for the first time that Catherine has been, and is yet, very ill. I must not write to her, I suppose, and my brother is either too angry or too distressed to answer what I sent him. Still, I must write to somebody, and the only choice left me is you.
Inform Edgar that I'd give the world to see his face again — that my heart returned to Thrushcross Grange in twenty-four hours after I left it, and is there at this moment, full of warm feelings for him and Catherine. I can't follow it, though (those words are underlined); they need not expect me; and they may draw what conclusions they please, taking care, however, to lay nothing at the door of my weak will or deficient affection.
The remainder of the letter is for yourself alone. I want to ask you two questions; the first is — How did you contrive to preserve the common sympathies of human nature when you resided here? I cannot recognize any sentiment which those around share with me.
The second question I have great interest in; it is this — Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry, but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married — that is, when you call to see me; and you must call, Ellen, very soon. Don't write, but come, and bring me something from Edgar.
Now you shall hear how I have been received in my new home, as I am led
to imagine the Heights will be. It is to amuse myself that I dwell on
such subjects as the lack of external comforts; they never occupy my
thoughts, except at the moment when I miss them. I should laugh and
dance for joy if I found their absence
The sun set behind the Grange as we turned on to the moors: by that I judged it to be six o'clock; and my companion halted half an hour to inspect the park and the gardens, and probably the place itself, as well as he could; so it was dark when we dismounted in the paved yard of the farmhouse, and your old fellow-servant Joseph issued out to receive us by the light of a dip candle. He did it with a courtesy that redounded to his credit. His first act was to elevate his torch to a level with my face, squint malignantly, project his under lip, and turn away. Then he took the two horses and led them into the stables, reappearing for the purpose of locking the outer gate, as if we lived in an ancient castle.
I do hate him — I am wretched — I have been a fool Beware of uttering one breath of this to any one at the Grange. I shall expect you every day. Don't disappoint me.
ISABELLA.
I lingered round them under that benign sky, watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells, listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass, and wondered how any one could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth.
The following example is an excerpt from Willa Carther’s
This example contains the encoding of a picture in a
Notice that in this example, a couple of things could have been further encoded. The foreign mail
phrase could be identified with a
could be encoded as direct speech with a And in this country
Letters from the front usually reached our town on Saturday nights. The "foreign mail" had become a feature of life in Kansas and Nebraska. The letters came in bunches; if one mother heard from her son, so did half a dozen others. One could hear them chatting to each other about what Vernon thought of Bordeaux, or what Roy had to say about the farming country along the Oise, or how much Elmer had enjoyed his rest leave in Paris. To me, knowing the boys, nearly all of these letters were remarkable. The most amusing were those which made severe strictures upon American manners; the boys were afraid the French would think us all farmers! One complained that his comrade
Fifty dollars saved from egg money for a needed new dress and coat went for a Liberty Bond "to help fight Austria"
The following example is a fragment of the essay
- 1. This essay can also be found at http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/staff/morgan/clarence-meets-alcuin.html, and you can see the very beginnings of Ask Alcuin at http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/staff/morgan/alcuin/.
- 2. Alex Goodall, The guide to expert systems (Oxford: Learned Information, 1985), 11.
- 3. Donald A. Waterman, A guide to expert systems (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1985), 11.
- 4. Ralph Alberico and Mary Micco, Expert systems for reference and information retrieval (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1990) 86.
- John V. Richardson, Knowledge-based systems for general reference work: applications, problems, and progress (San Diego: Academic Press, 1995). This relatively new book is the most scholarly of the of readings listed here. It outlines definitions of reference work as well as knowlege-based (expert) systems. It then suggests ways to incorporate the two disciplines into a cohesive whole. Included are many references. If you are going to only read one of the suggested readings, then this is the one to choose.
- Rao Aluri and Donald E. Riggs, eds., Expert systems in libraries (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publsihing, 1990). This collection of essays describe numerous expert systems for reference work. Contains many references and a large selected bibliography.
- Ralph Alberico and Mary Micco, Expert systems for reference and information retrieval (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1990). This book "attempts to address the development of expert systems for reference and information retrieval." It contains recommended readings and a large bibliography.
- Christine Roysdon and Howard D. White, eds., Expert systems in reference services (New York: Haworth Press, 1989). Another collection of essays describing expert systems, but unfortunately some of the examples are not really "expert systems." This is a good book for understanding the principles of expert systems and methods for constructing them.