Module 7: Critical Editing
7. Summary
This tutorial module has focused on the encoding of textual variation in
different text witnesses. Although the determination of textual variation
itself can depend on the editorial theories for the critical edition, and
the TEI Guidelines offer many possibilities to encode textual variation,
we'll conclude with a possible encoding as a critical edition of the text
samples we used in this tutorial module. In this example, we chose for a
parallel segmented internal apparatus, which could look as follows:
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<!-- ... -->
<sourceDesc>
</fileDesc><listWit>
</sourceDesc><witness xml:id="p2">
<bibl><editor>Sperberg-McQueen, M.</editor>;
<editor>Burnard, L.</editor> (eds.). <title>TEI P2
Guidelines for the Encoding and Interchange of
Machine Readable Texts Draft P2</title> (published
serially 1992-1993); Draft Version <date when="1993-04-02">2 of April 1993</date>:
<extent>19 chapters</extent>. Available from <ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/Vault/Vault-GL.html">http://www.tei-c.org/Vault/Vault-GL.html</ref>
(accessed October 2008)</bibl>
</witness><witness xml:id="p3">
<bibl><editor>Sperberg-McQueen, C.M.</editor>;
</witness><editor>Burnard, L.</editor>
(eds.).
<title>Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and
Interchange. TEI P3. Revised reprint.</title>
<publisher>Text Encoding Initiative</publisher>:
<pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Providence</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Charlottesville</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Bergen</pubPlace>, <date when="1999">1999</date>
</bibl><witness xml:id="p4">
<bibl><editor>Sperberg-McQueen, C.M.</editor>;
</witness><editor>Burnard, L.</editor>
(eds.). <title>TEI
P4: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and
Interchange. XML-compatible edition.</title>
<publisher>Text Encoding Initiative
Consortium</publisher>:
<pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Providence</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Charlottesville</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Bergen</pubPlace>, <date when="2002">2002</date>
</bibl><witness xml:id="p5">
</listWit><bibl><editor>Sperberg-McQueen, C.M.</editor>;
</witness><editor>Burnard, L.</editor>
(eds.). <title>TEI
P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and
Interchange. Revised and re-edited.</title>
<publisher>Text Encoding Initiative
Consortium</publisher>:
<pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Providence</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Charlottesville</pubPlace>,
<pubPlace>Nancy</pubPlace>, <date when="2005">2005</date>
</bibl><!-- ... -->
<encodingDesc>
<variantEncoding method="parallel-segmentation" location="internal"/>
</encodingDesc><!-- ... -->
</teiHeader><text>
</TEI><body>
</text><app>
<rdg wit="#p2">
<pb n="2"/>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p3 #p4">
<pb n="13"/>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p5">
</app><pb n="xxxi"/>
</rdg><head><app>
<rdg wit="#p2 #p3">Chapter 2 <lb/></rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">v <lb/></rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">2
</rdg>
</app>A <app>
</head><rdg wit="#p2">GENTLE INTRODUCTION TO
SGML</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3">Gentle Introduction to
SGML</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4 #p5">Gentle Introduction to
XML</rdg>
</app><app>
<rdg wit="#p4">
<note type="disclaimer">As originally published in
previous editions of the Guidelines, this chapter
provided a gentle introduction to 'just enough' SGML
for anyone to understand how the TEI used that
standard. Since then, the Gentle Guide seems to have
taken on a life of its own independent of the
Guidelines, having been widely distributed (and
flatteringly imitated) on the web. In revising it
for the present draft, the editors have therefore
felt free to reduce considerably its discussion of
SGML-specific matters, in favour of a simple
presentation of how the TEI uses XML.</note>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p5"/>
</app><p>The encoding scheme defined by these Guidelines <app>
<rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p5">is </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">may be
</rdg>
</app>formulated <app><rdg wit="#p4">either
</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p5"/>
</app>as an
application of <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">a system known as the
Standard Generalized </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">the ISO
Standard Generalized </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">the
Extensible </rdg>
</app>Markup Language <app><rdg wit="#p2">(SGML).<note place="foot"><bibl><editor>International Organization for
Standardization</editor> , <title>ISO 8879:
Information processing--Text and office
systems--Standard Generalized Mark-up Language
(SGML)</title> , ([<pubPlace>Geneva</pubPlace> ]:
<publisher>ISO</publisher> , <date>1986</date>
).</bibl> Although widely said to be short for the
surnames of its progenitors, the official
expansion of this abbreviation is "Standard
Generalized Markup Language."</note> SGML is an
international standard </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3">(SGML).
<note place="foot">
<bibl><editor>International
Organization for Standardization</editor> ,
<title>ISO 8879: Information processing - Text and
office systems - Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML)</title> ,
([<pubPlace>Geneva</pubPlace> ]:
<publisher>ISO</publisher> , <date>1986</date>
)</bibl>
</note> SGML is an international standard
</rdg><rdg wit="#p4">(SGML)SGML)<note place="foot">
<bibl><editor>International Organization for
Standardization</editor> , <title>ISO 8879:
Information processing - Text and office systems -
Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML)</title> , ([<pubPlace>Geneva</pubPlace> ]:
<publisher>ISO</publisher> , <date>1986</date>
)</bibl>
</note>or of the more recently developed
W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML)XML)<note place="foot"><bibl>
</note>.
Both SGML and XML are widely-used </rdg><editor>World Wide Web
Consortium</editor>
: <title>Extensible Markup
Language (XML) 1.0</title>
, available from <ref target="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</ref>
</bibl><rdg wit="#p5">(XML) (Bray et al. (eds.) (2006)). XML is
widely used </rdg>
</app>for the definition of
device-independent, system-independent methods of <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">representing </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4 #p5">storing and processing </rdg>
</app>texts in
electronic form<app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">. This chapter
presents a brief tutorial guide to its main
features, for those readers who have not encountered
it before. For a more technical account of TEI
practice in using </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">; XML being
in fact a simplification or derivation of SGML. In
the present chapter we introduce informally the
basic concepts underlying such markup languages and
attempt to explain to </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">. It is
now also the interchange and communication format
used by many applications on the World Wide Web. In
</rdg>
</app>the <app><rdg wit="#p2">SGML standard, see
chapter 30, "TEI Conformance," [in separate
fascicle]; for a more technical description of the
subset of SGML </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3">SGML standard,
see chapter 28, "Conformance," on page 727. For a
more technical description of the subset of SGML
</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">reader encountering them for
the first time how they are actually used in the TEI
scheme. Except where the two are explicitly
distinguished, references to XML in what follows may
be understood to apply equally well to the TEI usage
of SGML. a more technical account of For TEI
practice see chapter 28 <hi>Conformance</hi> ; for a
more technical description of the subset of SGML
</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">present chapter we informally
introduce some of its concepts and attempt to
explain to the reader encountering them basic for
the first time how and why they are </rdg>
</app>used
<app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p4">by</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">in</rdg>
</app> the TEI <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p4">encoding </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5"/>
</app>scheme<app><rdg wit="#p2">, see chapter 39,
"Formal Grammar for the TEI-Interchange-Format
Subset of SGML," [in separate fascicle]</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3">, see chapter 39, "Formal Grammar for the
TEI-Interchange-Format Subset of SGML," on page
1247</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">, see chapter 39 <hi>Formal
Grammar for the TEI-Interchange-Format Subset of
SGML</hi></rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">. More detailed
technical accounts of TEI practice in this respect
are provided in chapters <hi>23. Using the TEI</hi>
, <hi>1. The TEI Infrastructure</hi> , and <hi>22.
Documentation Elements</hi> of these
Guidelines</rdg>
</app>.</p><p><app>
</body><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">SGML is an international standard for
the description of marked-up electronic text. More
exactly</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4">XML is an extensible
markup language used for the description of
marked-up electronic text. More exactly</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">Strictly speaking</rdg>
</app>, <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">SGML</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4 #p5">XML</rdg>
</app> is a <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p5">metalanguage</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3 #p4">
</app>, that is, a <app><hi>metalanguage</hi>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p4">means of formally describing a language</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">language used to describe other
languages</rdg>
</app>, in this case, <app><rdg wit="#p2">a markup language</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3 #p4">a <hi>markup language</hi></rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">markup languages</rdg>
</app>. <app><rdg wit="#p2 #p3">Before going any further we should
define these terms. <milestone type="p"/></rdg>
<rdg wit="#p4 #p5"/>
</app>Historically, the word
<app><rdg wit="#p2 #p5">markup</rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3 #p4">
</app> has been
used to describe annotation or other marks within a text
intended to instruct a compositor or typist how a particular
passage should be printed or laid out. Examples include wavy
underlining to indicate boldface, special symbols for
passages to be omitted or printed in a particular <app><hi>markup</hi>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p2 #p3 #p4">font </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p5">font,
</rdg>
</app>and so forth. As the formatting and printing
of texts was automated, the term was <app><rdg wit="#p2">extend-ed </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3 #p4 #p5">extended
</rdg>
</app>to cover all sorts of special <app><rdg wit="#p2">markup codes </rdg>
<rdg wit="#p3">
<hi>markup codes</hi>
</rdg><rdg wit="#p4 #p5">codes </rdg>
</app>inserted into electronic texts to
govern formatting, printing, or other processing.</p>